1.0 Introduction:-
Unfavourable alteration of soil by addition or removal of substances and factors which decreases soil productivity, quality of plants and ground water is called soil pollution. The contamination of soil with solid waste, acid rain excess of fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides is called as soil pollution. Causes of soil pollution and land degradation are deforestation ,irrigation ,landfills , toxic fertilizers and pesticides. The process of deterioration in characteristics and quality of soil which adversely affects Its fertility of its optimum use are called as land degradation.Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.Natural hazards are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires.
2.0 Soil pollution
1) Negative soil pollution :
includes for use of soil and erosion.Erosion of soil is caused by two factors, water and air. Water erosion of soil is found near the hills where high speed rivulets and flooding removes topsoil.Floods are quite common India. The major cause of their recurrence is the destruction of forests in the catchment area of river by excessive feeling and overgrazing.Soil erosion also occurs by high speed winds which bring sand particles from dry desert.Today about 40% of the land has turned into desert. The Thar desert of India (Rajasthan) was a fertile land only 5000 years back. Overgrazing and feeling of trees for timber allowed the sands of Gujarat coast to settle on this area and produce a desert. It is spreading at a speed of 9 km/year.Fertileland is also being converted into barren areas by unplanned urbanization, building of roads, houses or industrial complexes. Rubbish, empty cans, garbage, broken furniture empty bottles, building materials, sludge,ash,etc.
It is a pollution caused by:
Pesticides and Weedicides:A number of chemicals have been developed to kill insects, fungicides, algal blooms (algaicidies). The most widely used among them are insecticides. They are spread over the plants in the form of the fine mist and powder. Most of these insecticides or pesticides are spread over the plants in the form of fine mist or powder. Most of this insecticides pesticides are broad spectrum and effect other affect other animals, man and and even plants. They are, hence, are also called biocides.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons they include DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane), DDE,Chlorodrane dial dream and dream have talked BSc benzene hexachloride acceptor chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic Delta is 5 times more toxic then DDT when interested and 40 times more poisonous when absorb entering is the most amount chlorinated hydrocarbons besides being toxic this pesticides are both where is stand and mobile in the ecosystem over dust particles in air over organic matter in water the chlorinated hydrocarbons are fat soluble and therefore, attend to accumulate inside living organisms their concentration per unit weight of the organisms also rises with the rise in tropic level due to the phenomenon of biological amplification or DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons affect the central nervous system, cause off meaning of brain cerebral cyclosis of liver hypertension cancer meaning of egg shells in both Mel pareshan of farmers extra, logical amplification of chlorine hydrocarbon therefore prove fatal to tropical level animals, specially fees and birds over 1 black ducks from Kerala died recently in 6 weeks due to exercise causing the pollution of certain birds has declined because of these biocides,,, Bald eagle. Excessive spray of hard biocide sometimes causes and imbalance in Priya predator population.
3.0 Salination of soil
Increase in the concentration of soluble salts in the soil is called salination. Origin and development of saline soil depends upon the following factors first poor drainage of soil fullstop salts this salt in irrigation water accumulate on the soil surface due to in education train especially during floor. Second. Quality of irrigation water. The groundwater of arid bracket sign dry, wherein having not enough rainfall to support which direction reasons are generally saline in a cell. The irrigation water be its rich in soluble water and add to salinity of soil. The third find capillary action. Salt from the lower layer move up by capillary action during summer season and are deposited on the surface of soil food. Excessive use of basic fertilizer. Excessive use of alkaline fertilizers like sodium nitrate, basic slag, may develop alkalinity of soil v. Salt blown by wind in eraser near the sea, plot of salt is blown by wind and get deposits on the plans. 56.9 nature of parent Rock material if soil develops from seller nature of parent Rock materials, soil would be sale in India has about 6 million hectares of saline land about. 6000 8000 factors of farm land becomes under unfit for agriculture every year in Punjab alone.
4.0 Control of soil pollution
Use of pesticides should be minimised. Biological control should be known and implemented. Second use of fertilizers should be highly judicious. Third cropping technique should be improved so that we are unable to take foot hold in the fields. This would automatically reduce the use of weedicides herbicides. 4th special pics on low lying areas be selected for dumping of industrial waste. V improvement in mining techniques and transport of extracted material so that spread of mind as should we minimise. The area should not be left barren and full stop in street, afforestation should be carried out as soon as it becomes feasible. 6 control grazing. Seventh proper forest management 81 bricks and winds Shields in areas exposed to wind erosion. 9 planting of soil binding grasses and other pariman IELTS along the banks and slopes prone to rapid erosion. Deforestation and afforestation.
5.0 Land degradation
Besides pollution, land and soil face many other problems such as deforestation, erosion, uploading, waterlogging, and certificate station urbanisation. If this problems are not checked about one third may be degraded by the end of this century for soil erosion. Soil erosion is world spread phenomenon but it is more extensive in Australia, Central Africa India, Nepal China Spain, USA, and Earth while Soviet Union. It is estimated that over 40000 hectares of land affected by wind and water erosion every year. The quantity of topsoil loss is maximum in our country. It is about 18.5 of the total global last. India has largest livestock in the world. There for the pressure of the grazing causes soil erosion full stop cause and prevention have been discussed in chapter shifting cultivation. A practice burned agriculture is common among many consists of cutting down trees and burning the field trees and rising raising crops on the Ash full stop the this practice is called jumping in the forest of North East India it is not harmful if the jumping is not done frequently forstar where when jumping is done is less than 10 years, it destroys forest and cause soil erosion. Desertification it is the change of a normal soil into desert. Desertification is the result of the force, soil erosion, who are grazing and shifting of sand dance by wind. Many deserts in the world are many made development activities for various developmental activities such as rapid urbanization mining, construction of dams, canal road, and Railways airports, playground and industries have played a major role in land degradation.
6.0 Control of land degradation
Land degradation can be checked by the following measures for afforestation and plantation of grass can check soil erosion, floats and water logging. Crop rotation and mixed cropping improve fertility. It would increases production, which would support large population of the soil can be checked by providing educate drainage. Submitted lands can be recovered by leaching them with more water specially where the groundwater table is not hi this certification can be checked by artificial bonds are covering the area with suitable vegetation.
7.0 Environmental Impact
1) DESERTIFICATION
Desertification can be characterized by the droughts and arid conditions the landscape endures as a result of human exploitation of fragile ecosystems. Effects include land degradation, soil erosion and sterility, and a loss of biodiversity, with huge economic costs for nations where deserts are growing
2) LOSS OF ARABLE LAND
Arable land is any land that can be used to grow crops. Many of the practices used in growing crops can lead to the loss of topsoil and destruction of soil characteristics that make agriculture possible.
3)CLOGGED AND POLLUTED WATERWAYS
Soil eroded from the land, along with pesticides and fertilizers applied to fields, washes into streams and waterways. This sedimentation and pollution can damage freshwater and marine habitats and the local communities that depend on them.
4)INCREASED FLOODING
Land is often transformed from a forest or other natural landscape, such as floodplains and wetlands, into a crop field or pasture. The converted land is less able to soak up water, making flooding more common. There are methods to improve soil water holding capacity as well as restoration and maintenance of wetlands.
10.0) Conclusion
In conclusion, soil pollution and land degradation is an issue of growing situation of soil erosion that can be seeding, plantatation of trees to hold capacity of soil in roots and rectified as soon as possible. Soil pollution affects more impact of people than any of the other sources of soil pollution, and because more herbecidies plays such an important role in supporting the salinity and not for soil planting, the control law of land degradation should be tightened progressively to further cut down soil pollution it causes. If soil pollution are reduced with new technological innovations pesticides, it will prevent health damage and save the lives of many people desertification, and also increased flooding its negative impacts on the environment.
11.0) REFERENCES
https://www.knowledge928.blogspot.com
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